Systems approach can be defined as a holistic and analytical approach to solving complex problems by using systems philosophy, systems analysis and systems management. Systems philosophy focus on whole model of thinking for the system, meanwhile systems analysis is more on problem solving approach. Systems management addresses the business, technological and organizational issues before certain changes ca be done to the systems.
The three sphere model for systems management is useful in order to selecting and managing projects successful by considering business, organization and technology issues and their effects entire systems. Business issues is focusing on business prospect or financial management for the system, meanwhile organization issues cover the need and satisfaction from inside company or firm or organization and target user for the system. Technology issues are more about technology usage for the system by using software and hardware. In order to, ensure the project success; project managers must integrate these issues into their planning.
There are four frames of organization such as structural frame, human resources frame, political frame and symbolic frame. Structural frame is very rational and focuses on coordination and control. It can be described how the organization is structured and focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management. Human resources frame focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people. Political frame addresses organizational and personal politics. This is the form of competition or coalitions among groups or individuals for power and leadership in decision making. Symbolic frame focuses on symbols and meanings that related to the company’s culture or event.
Organizational structures can be classified into three types such as functional, project and matrix. Functional organization structure is the hierarchy that focuses on basic function or specialist in the organization or firm to report to CEO. Meanwhile, project organization structure is the hierarchy that focuses on program managers for each project will report to CEO. Besides, matrix organizational structure where the hierarchy can be presented by the middle ground between functional and project, and will report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers. This type of structure can be strong, weak, or balanced, based on the amount of control exerted by the project managers.
The important of top management commitment for successful management is to control all the project activities within organization; they have authority in making decision to represent the whole firm or organization after meeting with their main board. Therefore, top management commitment is crucial to project managers because a project manager must have sufficient resources to develop the project, by having top management commitment the project can not be distracted by other thing. In addition, they needs an approval for unique project in timely manner, so he need top management commitment to meets specific needs in the project. Furthermore, they must get full attention and cooperation from other part of organization, top management can help them to deal with political issues and encourage functional manager to cooperate. Moreover, they need someone to control and guide them on leadership issues, senior manager should advise and encourage new project managers to take classes to develop their skills, allocate time and fund.
Traditional project life cycle phases include concept, development, implementation, and close-out phase. The first two phases focus on planning and known as project feasibility. The last two phases focus on delivering the actual work and known as project acquisition.
There are two types of life cycle for system development projects which are predictive and adaptive life cycle. Predictive life cycle means the schedule and cost can predicted, meanwhile project can be articulated. On the other hand, adaptive software development life cycle where requirements cannot be expressed, mission driven project and component based, also using time-based cycles to meet target dates.
The three sphere model for systems management is useful in order to selecting and managing projects successful by considering business, organization and technology issues and their effects entire systems. Business issues is focusing on business prospect or financial management for the system, meanwhile organization issues cover the need and satisfaction from inside company or firm or organization and target user for the system. Technology issues are more about technology usage for the system by using software and hardware. In order to, ensure the project success; project managers must integrate these issues into their planning.
There are four frames of organization such as structural frame, human resources frame, political frame and symbolic frame. Structural frame is very rational and focuses on coordination and control. It can be described how the organization is structured and focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management. Human resources frame focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people. Political frame addresses organizational and personal politics. This is the form of competition or coalitions among groups or individuals for power and leadership in decision making. Symbolic frame focuses on symbols and meanings that related to the company’s culture or event.
Organizational structures can be classified into three types such as functional, project and matrix. Functional organization structure is the hierarchy that focuses on basic function or specialist in the organization or firm to report to CEO. Meanwhile, project organization structure is the hierarchy that focuses on program managers for each project will report to CEO. Besides, matrix organizational structure where the hierarchy can be presented by the middle ground between functional and project, and will report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers. This type of structure can be strong, weak, or balanced, based on the amount of control exerted by the project managers.
The important of top management commitment for successful management is to control all the project activities within organization; they have authority in making decision to represent the whole firm or organization after meeting with their main board. Therefore, top management commitment is crucial to project managers because a project manager must have sufficient resources to develop the project, by having top management commitment the project can not be distracted by other thing. In addition, they needs an approval for unique project in timely manner, so he need top management commitment to meets specific needs in the project. Furthermore, they must get full attention and cooperation from other part of organization, top management can help them to deal with political issues and encourage functional manager to cooperate. Moreover, they need someone to control and guide them on leadership issues, senior manager should advise and encourage new project managers to take classes to develop their skills, allocate time and fund.
Traditional project life cycle phases include concept, development, implementation, and close-out phase. The first two phases focus on planning and known as project feasibility. The last two phases focus on delivering the actual work and known as project acquisition.
There are two types of life cycle for system development projects which are predictive and adaptive life cycle. Predictive life cycle means the schedule and cost can predicted, meanwhile project can be articulated. On the other hand, adaptive software development life cycle where requirements cannot be expressed, mission driven project and component based, also using time-based cycles to meet target dates.
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